Ngô Quốc Anh

Tháng tám 18, 2009

An other limit supremum of sin function

In the topic we showed that for any irrational \alpha the limit \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } \sin \left( {n\alpha \pi } \right) does not exist. In this topic, we consider the following limit

\mathop {\overline {\lim } }\limits_{n \to \infty } \sin \left( {nx} \right) .

To be precise, we prove that

\mathop {\overline {\lim } }\limits_{n \to \infty } \sin \left( {nx} \right) = 1

for almost every x \in [0,2\pi].

Solution. Let

A = \left\{ {x \in \left( {0,2\pi } \right): \frac{x} {\pi } \notin \mathbb{Q}} \right\}.

Then A is a measurable set of measure 2\pi. Moreover, for any x \in A,

\mathop {\overline {\lim } }\limits_{n \to \infty } \sin \left( {nx} \right) = 1.

Indeed for any x \in A, since

\left\{ {k\frac{x} {\pi } - 2l: l \in \mathbb{Z}} \right\}

is dense subgroup of \mathbb R there are sequences \{k_n\} and \{l_n\} of \mathbb Z such that

\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } \left( {{k_n}\frac{x} {\pi } - {l_n}} \right) = \frac{1} {2}.

Since

\frac{1} {2} \notin \left\{ {k\frac{x} {\pi } - 2l: k,l \in \mathbb{Z}} \right\}

\{k_n\} admits a subsequence \{k'_n\} either increasing to +\infty or decreasing to -\infty. If \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {{k'}_n} =  + \infty then

\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } \sin \left( {{{k'}_n}x} \right) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } \sin \left( {...

Otherwise \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } \left( { - 3{{k'}_n}} \right) =  + \infty and

\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } \sin \left( { - 3{{k'}_n}x} \right) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } \sin \lef...

Tháng Mười Một 6, 2008

Differentiability via weird argument

Chuyên mục: Các Bài Tập Nhỏ, Giải Tích 1, Giải Tích 2 — Ngô Quốc Anh @ 16:37

Question. Suppose that is such that is continuous and is differentiable. Should also be differentiable?

Proof. Let . Since satisfies the differentiable equation , is differentiable at all points with by the implicit function theorem: , and . Where , we note that has a minimum and This gives \lim_{t\to 0}\left|\frac{f(x+t)}{t}\right|=0 and is differentiable by the definition.

Comment. The only points of interests are the zeros of since has the same sign in some neighborhood of points which are not roots. So there goes half the work. Geometrically it doesn’t make sense for to have anything but derivative 0 at roots of and this can be verified by taking left hand and right hand limits of the quotient.

Tháng Chín 11, 2008

Một bài giới hạn khó về hàm lượng giác

Chuyên mục: Các Bài Tập Nhỏ, Giải Tích 1 — Ngô Quốc Anh @ 22:02

Show that for any irrational \alpha the limit \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } \sin \left( {n\alpha \pi } \right) does not exist.

Solution. If the limit existed then we would get

0 = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } \left( {\sin \left( {\left( {n + 2} \right)\alpha \pi } \right) - \sin \left( {n\alpha \pi } \right)} \right) = 2\sin \left( {\alpha \pi } \right)\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } \cos \left( {\left( {n + 1} \right)\alpha \pi } \right)

and consequently, \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } \cos \left( {n\alpha \pi } \right) = 0. Similarly,

0 = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } \left( {\cos \left( {\left( {n + 2} \right)\alpha \pi } \right) - \cos \left( {n\alpha \pi } \right)} \right) =  - 2\sin \left( {\alpha \pi } \right)\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } \cos \left( {\left( {n + 1} \right)\alpha \pi } \right)

which is impossible because \sin^2x+\cos^2x=1 for all x \in \mathbb R. Therefore the limit does not exist.

Tháng Năm 1, 2008

Two times derivable real function

Chuyên mục: Giải Tích 1 — Ngô Quốc Anh @ 16:41

Two times derivable real function
RMO 2008, 11th Grade, Problem 3


Let be a function, two times derivable on for which there exist such that\frac { f(b)-f(a) }{b-a} \neq f'(c) , for all . Prove that .

Nondecreasing function

Chuyên mục: Các Bài Tập Nhỏ, Giải Tích 1 — Ngô Quốc Anh @ 16:39

Nice nondecreasing function
RMO 2008, 11th Grade, Problem 1


Let be a continous function such that the sequences are nondecreasing for any real number . Prove that is nondecreasing.

Proof. It’s trivial too see that if , then f\left( \frac mn x \right) \geq f(x), for all , so in particular for all rational numbers . Now let , and let , . If , let . Because is continuous, there exists a rational number , such that f(x_0)= f(y) + \frac {\delta}{2}. But , so contradiction. This means that if , and , such that then .

Now let be any two real numbers. Then there exists such that , and using the above claim it follows that which proves that is nondecreasing.

Tháng Tư 1, 2008

Find all derivable functions

Chuyên mục: Các Bài Tập Nhỏ, Giải Tích 1 — Ngô Quốc Anh @ 22:25

Find all derivable functions R\to{R}, with the property

f(x+y+z)+3xyz=f(x)+f(y)+f(z)+3(x+y+z)(xy+yz+zx)-2

for every x,y,z\in{R}.

Solution.  '_x with respect to x to both sides

f'\left( {x + y + z} \right) - 3\left( {x + y + z} \right)^2 = f'\left( x \right) - 3x^2 .

Thus

f'\left( x \right) - 3x^2

is a constant.

Note.  Actually with only ” f is derivable in one point” you obtain the same result

x=y=z=0 \Longrightarrow f(0)=1 .

Suppose that f is derivable in t_0

(x=t_0)\& (z=0) \Longrightarrow \frac {f(y)-1}y = \frac {f(t_0+y)-f(t_0)}y-3t_0(t_0+y) ,

so f is derivable in 0. But

\frac {f(x+y)-f(x)}y = 3x(x+y)+\frac {f(y)-1}y

shows that f(x) is derivable for all x\in R : f'(x) = 3x^2 + f'(0) .. and so o.

Tháng Ba 27, 2008

Liên tục đều vs. Tính khả vi…

Chuyên mục: Các Bài Tập Nhỏ, Giải Tích 1 — Ngô Quốc Anh @ 20:01

Let f be continuous and bounded on \mathbb{R} function such that

\sup\limits_{x\in\mathbb{R}}|f(x + h) - 2f(x) + f(x - h)|\to0,\quad h\to0.

Does it follows that f is uniformly continuous on \mathbb{R}?

Solution. Suppose for example that |f| is bounded and that f is not uniformly continuous. Then one can find \epsilon>0 such that there exists a sequence (x_n,y_n) satisfying |x_n-y_n| \to 0 and |f(x_n)-f(y_n)| \geq \epsilon. Now, take h_n such that

\sup_{x \in \mathbb{R}, |h| \leq h_n } \{f(x-h)-2 f(x)+f(x+h)\} \leq \frac{\epsilon}{n}

So if x_n<y_n satisfies \delta_n = y_n-x_n \leq h_n and f(y_n) \geq f(x_n) + \epsilon, then it is easy to see that:

f(x_n+ (k+1) \delta_n)-f(x_n + k \delta_n) \geq \epsilon (1 - \frac{k}{n})


for 0 \leq k \leq n-1. Hence

f(x_n+ n \delta_n) - f(x_n) \geq \epsilon(\frac{n}{n} + \frac{n-1}{n}+ \ldots + \frac{1}{n})=\frac{(n+1) \epsilon}{2},

which shows that f cannot be bounded, a contradiction.

More. Suppose f continous function on ]a,b[

Suppose there exist C>0 such that

|\frac{f(x+h)+f(x-h)-2f(x)}{h}|\leq C

each time it is possible (in french “chaque fois que cela a un sens”)

1/ prove f is bounded on ]a,b[

2/ Suppose x,x+h \in ]a,b[ with h>0

Prove for any n \in N

|f(x+\frac{h}{2^n})-f(x)|\leq \frac{C.n.h}{2^{n+1}} + \frac{|f(x+h)-f(x)|}{2^n}

Prove there exist C'>0 such that for any d>0 small

\sup_{|x-y|\leq d}|f(x)-f(y)| \leq C'.d.\ln(1/d)

Tháng Mười Hai 19, 2007

Quen quen :-?

Chuyên mục: Các Bài Tập Nhỏ, Giải Tích 1 — Ngô Quốc Anh @ 2:34

Let f \in C^1 and {\lim_{x \to \infty} {f'^2}(x) + {f^3}(x) = 0. Prove that {\lim_{x \to \infty} f(x) = 0.

Proof. Let h(x) = \{ f'(x) \}^2 + \{ f(x) \}^3. For any \epsilon > 0, there is x_0 such that for x>x_0, |h(x)| < \epsilon. Consider the set U = \{ x>x_0 \, : \, |f(x)| > \sqrt[3]{2\epsilon} \}. If U is empty, then the result immediately follows. So assume U is nonempty and choose any a \in U. If f(a) > 0, then \{ f(a) \}^3 > 2\epsilon, so \{ f'(a) \}^2 + 2\epsilon < h(a) < \epsilon, which is a contradiction. Thus f(a) < 0 and \{ f(a) \}^3 < -2\epsilon. Then

-\epsilon < \{ f'(a) \}^2 + \{ f(a) \}^3 < \{ f'(a) \}^2 - 2\epsilon,

or \epsilon < \{ f'(a) \}^2. Since f' is continuous, this inequality implies f'(a) does not vanish at any point in U.

Now assume there is a point b \in U and x_0 < a < b such that f(b) < f(a), Applying intermediate value theorem, we may assume a is in the neighborhood of b in U. By mean value theorem, there is c \in U such that f'(c) < 0. Since f' cannot change its sign on U, f is strictly decreasing on U. Especially, I = [a, \infty) \subset U.

Now let f(x) = - u^{-2}, where u = u(x) > 0 on I. Then

h(x) = \{ f'(x) \}^2 + \{ f(x) \}^3 = 4 u'^2 u^{-6} - u^{-6},

or

2u' = - \sqrt{1 + u^6 h(x)}.

Since \epsilon < \{ f'(x) \}^2 and f'(x) < 0, we have -\sqrt{\epsilon} > f'(x) = 2u'u^{-3} and u is strictly decreasing. So u must converge and we have

\lim_{x\to\infty} 2u' = - \lim_{x\to\infty} \sqrt{1 + u^6 h(x)} = -1,

which contradicts that u converges.

So, for all b \in U and x_0 < a < b, f(b) \geq f(a). This means f is monotone increasing on U. If f(x) < -\sqrt[3]{2\epsilon} for all x > x_0, then f(x) must converge to some -L where L \geq \sqrt[3]{2\epsilon}. But this implies \lim_{x\to\infty} f'(x) = \sqrt{L} > 0, leading to a contradiction. Hence |f(x_1)| \leq \sqrt[3]{2\epsilon} for some sufficient large x_1, and by our preceeding argument, |f(x)| \leq \sqrt[3]{2\epsilon} for all x \geq x_1. So f(x) \to 0 as x \to \infty.

Tháng Chín 30, 2007

1 bài tập khó về dãy số

Chuyên mục: Các Bài Tập Nhỏ, Giải Tích 1, Giải Tích 4 — Ngô Quốc Anh @ 8:26

Đề bài. Suppose that a_{n} and b_{n} are two sequences of nonnegative numbers such that for some real number N_{0}\geq 1, the following recursion inquality holds: a_{n+1}\le{a_{n}+b_{n}}, for any n\ge N_{0}. Prove that if \sum b_{n}<\infty , then a_{n}is converges.

Lời giải. Since

\begin{gathered}  <br>   a_{n + 1}  \leqslant a_n  + b_n  \hfill \\  <br>   a_{n + 2}  \leqslant a_{n + 1}  + b_{n + 1}  \leqslant a_n  + \left( {b_n  + b_{n + 1} } \right) \hfill \\  <br>   ... \hfill \\   <br> \end{gathered}

then

a_m  \leqslant a_n  + \sum\limits_{k = n}^{m - 1} {b_k }  \leqslant a_n  + \sum\limits_{k = n}^{ + \infty } {b_k }

provided m \geq n+1. Now taking the \limsup with respect to m we have

\mathop {\lim \sup }\limits_{m \to  + \infty } a_m  - \sum\limits_{k = n}^{ + \infty } {b_k }  \leqslant a_n .

Now consider the \liminf with respect to n we deduce

\mathop {\lim \sup }\limits_{m \to  + \infty } a_m  \leqslant \mathop {\lim \sup }\limits_{m \to  + \infty } a_m  - \mathop {\lim \inf }\limits_{n \to  + \infty } \sum\limits_{k = n}^{ + \infty } {b_k }  \leqslant \mathop {\lim \inf }\limits_{n \to  + \infty } a_n

since \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to + \infty } \sum\limits_{k = n}^{+ \infty } {b_k } = 0. This and the fact that \mathop {\lim \sup }\limits_{m \to  + \infty } a_m  \geqslant \mathop {\lim \inf }\limits_{n \to  + \infty } a_n yields the conclusion.

Tháng Chín 26, 2007

GT1 – Bài Tập 09

Chuyên mục: Giải Tích 1 — Ngô Quốc Anh @ 16:45

Lấy bài tập ở đây: gt1-09.pdf

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