Following is the list of journals listing in the alphabet order with the shortest peer-review that I have ever seen. If you know more, please drop me a comment below. Please take note that neither survey nor review article is considered in this situation.
- Acta Mathematica
http://www.springerlink.com/content/0001-5962/ - Acta Mathematica Vietnamica
http://link.springer.com/journal/40306
The shortest is 12 days, check this paper by del Angel, Mueller-Stach, van Straten, and Zuo. - Advances in Calculus of Variations
http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/acv
The shortest is 14 days, check this paper by Ejiri and Micallef.
BASED ON RECEIVING AND REVISING DAYS - Advances in Mathematics (AiM)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/aip/00018708
The shortest is 3 days, check this paper by Ohta and Sturm.
The runner up is 7 days, check this paper by Li and Nguyen. - American Journal of Mathematics (AJM)
http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/ajm/ - Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincare (C) Non Linear Analysis
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/aip/02941449
The shortest is 7 days, check this paper by Cagnettia, Gomesa, Mitakec and Tran.
The runner up is 18 days, check this paper by Dolbeault and Toscani and this paper by Ignat, Nguyen, Slastikov, and Zarnescud. - Annales Henri Poincaré
http://link.springer.com/journal/23
The shortest is 0 days, check this paper by Friedrich. - Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa (New series)
http://annaliscienze.sns.it/index.php?page=OnlineIndex
The shortest is 80 days, check this paper by Phuc. - Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata
http://www.springerlink.com/content/108198/
The shortest is 31 days, check this paper by Batkam and Colin. - Annals of PDE
https://www.springer.com/journal/40818
The shortest is 9 days, check this paper by Grenier and Nguyen. - Annals of Mathematics (AoM)
http://annals.math.princeton.edu/ - Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis (ARMA)
http://www.springerlink.com/content/0003-9527/
The shortest is 43 days, check this paper by Nam and Seiringer. - Bulletin des Sciences Mathématiques
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/aip/00074497
The shortest is 27 days, check this paper by Cotsiolis and Labropoulos. - Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations
https://www.springer.com/journal/526
3 days, check this paper by Martin and Yao
10 days, check this paper by Chang, Gursky, and Yang.
28 days, check this paper by Ros-Oton and Serra. - Communications in Contemporary Mathematics (CCM)
http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscinet/ccm
The shortest is 19 days, check this paper by M.M. Fall and T. Weth.
The runner-up is 27 days, check this paper by S.Y. Yolcu and T. Yolcu.
The third place is 33 days, check this paper by Rong and Zhang. - Communications in Mathematical Physics (CMP)
http://www.springerlink.com/content/100467/
The shortest is 20 days, check this paper by Constantin, Tarfulea, and Vicol .
The runner-up is 37 days, check this paper by Dybalski and Gérard.
The third place is 43 days, check this paper by Galloway and Schoen and this paper by Hebey, Pacard, and Pollack. - Communications in Partial Differential Equations
http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/lpde20/current - Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics (CPAM)
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291097-0312
NO ACCEPTANCE DATE SHOWN - Comptes Rendus Mathematique
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/aip/1631073X
The shortest is 0 day, check this paper by Druet.
The runner-up is 1 day, check this paper by Mawhina, Ortegab, and Robles-Pérezb. - Duke Mathematical Journal (DMJ)
http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS?service=UI&version=1.0&verb=Display&page=past&handle=euclid.dmj
The shortest is 11 days, check this paper by Franecki and Kapranov.
The runner-up is 15 days, check this paper by Šilhavý.
The third place is 28 days, check this paper by Lin and Rivière.
The fourth place is about 31 days, check this paper by Farb, Lubotzky, and Minsky.
NO ACCEPTANCE DATE SHOWN, ONLY REVISION DATE SHOWN - Geometric And Functional Analysis (GAFA)
http://www.springerlink.com/content/1016-443x/
The shortest is 28 days, check this paper by Alon and Bourgain.
The runner-up is 42 days, check this paper by Bourgain, Dirksen, and Nelson.
The third place is 45 days, check this paper by Bourgain and Guth.
The fourth place is about 50 days, check this paper by Tao and Vu.
(Ref.: a comment below.) - Indiana University Mathematics Journal
http://www.iumj.indiana.edu/IUMJ/issues.php - International Journal of Mathematics
http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscinet/ijm
The shortest is 1 days, check this paper by Fang, Jiang, Lin, and Xu. - International Mathematics Research Notices
http://imrn.oxfordjournals.org/content/by/year
The shortest is 2 days, check this paper by Hang and Yang.
The runner-up is 54 days, check this paper by Bourgain. - Inventiones Mathematicae
http://www.springerlink.com/content/0020-9910/
The shortest is 16 days, check this paper by Kim and Oh.
The runner-up is 31 days, check this paper by Venerucci. - Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées (JMPA)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/aip/00217824
NO ACCEPTANCE DATE SHOWN, ONLY AVAILABILITY DATE SHOWN - Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik (Crelle)
http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/crll?aheadOfPrint
The shortest is 66 days, check this paper by Tian and Zhu. - Journal of Differential Equations (JDE)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/aip/00220396
The shortest is 43 days, check this paper by Byun, Ok, and Ryu. - Journal of Differential Geometry (JDG)
http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS?service=UI&version=1.0&verb=Display&page=past&handle=euclid.jdg
NO ACCEPTANCE DATE SHOWN - Journal of Functional Analysis (JFA)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/aip/00221236
The shortest is 0 days, check this paper by Mendelson and Paouris.
The runner-up is 2 days, check this paper by Bourgain and Bulut.
The third place is 7 days, check this paper by Bidaut-Véron, Chasseigne, and Véron.
The fourth place is 11 days, check this paper by Escobar and Garcia.
The fifth place is 13 days, check this paper by Aubin. - Journal of Geometric Analysis
http://www.springerlink.com/content/1050-6926/ - Journal of Global Optimization
http://link.springer.com/journal/10898
The shortest is 0 days, check this paper by Colombo and Wolenski. - Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/aip/0022247X - Journal of Number Theory
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/0022314X
The shortest is 7 days, check this paper by Vinh. - Journal of the American Mathematical Society (JAMS)
http://www.ams.org/publications/journals/journalsframework/jams - Journal of the European Mathematical Society (JEMS)
http://www.ems-ph.org/journals/all_issues.php?issn=1435-9855
NO ACCEPTANCE DATE SHOWN, ONLY REVISION DATE SHOWN - manuscripta mathematica
http://www.springerlink.com/content/0025-2611/ - Mathematical Research Letters
http://intlpress.com/site/pub/pages/journals/items/mrl/_home/_main/index.html
NO ACCEPTANCE DATE SHOWN
- Mathematische Annalen
http://www.springerlink.com/content/0025-5831/ - Mathematische Zeitschrift
http://www.springerlink.com/content/0025-5874/ - Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society
http://www.ams.org/publications/journals/journalsframework/memo - NoDEA: Nonlinear Differential Equations and Applications
http://www.springerlink.com/content/1021-9722/ - Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/aip/0362546X
The shortest is 0 day, check this paper by Garcia-Azoreroa, Manfredib, Perala, and Rossi.
The runner-up is 9 days, check this paper by Chiron; but I guess there should have a paper having less than 9 days. - Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society
http://www.ams.org/jourcgi/jrnl_toolbar_nav/proc_all - Publications Mathématiques de L’IHÉS
http://www.springerlink.com/content/0073-8301/ - Set-Valued and Variational Analysis
http://link.springer.com/journal/11228
The shortest is 1 day, check this paper by Bonnans and de la Vega - SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis
http://epubs.siam.org/toc/sjmaah/current - The Taiwanese Journal of Mathematics
http://journal.taiwanmathsoc.org.tw
The shortest is 6 days, check this paper by Chen. - Transactions of the American Mathematical Society
http://www.ams.org/jourcgi/jrnl_toolbar_nav/tran_all - Vietnam Journal of Mathematics
http://link.springer.com/journal/10013
The shortest is 11 days, check this paper by Phu.
The runner-up is 49 days, check this paper by Loi.
I take this chance to acknowledge the contribution from
- Dr. Nguyen Thac Dung from the National Taiwan University;
- Mr. Nguyen Van Luong from the University of Padova;
- Mr. Duong Duc Lam from the University of Sussex;
- …
for their contribution to the list/record.
more information on JFA: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002212361200050X#
Comment by Hoang Van Ngoc — November 4, 2013 @ 21:42
Thanks Ngoc, it’s great. I will update right now.
Comment by Ngô Quốc Anh — November 4, 2013 @ 22:01
For CMP, there are some more information
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00220-016-2593-z (20 days)
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00220-012-1631-8 (35 days)
Comment by Duong Duc Lam — March 11, 2016 @ 1:10
Great!
Comment by Ngô Quốc Anh — March 11, 2016 @ 1:36
Dear QA,
I think you gave a wrong link for NA, it should be: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362546X05009867
Another candidate for short papers (of NA) is: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362546X04001671 (by Chiron, 9 days)
For GAFA, the following might be in the shortest list:
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00039-014-0270-y (by Alon and JB, 28 days)
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00039-015-0332-9 (by JB, Dirksen and Nelson, 42 days)
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00039-011-0140-9 (by JB and Guth, 45 days)
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00039-010-0057-8 (by Tao and Vu, 50 days)
Comment by Duong Duc Lam — July 17, 2016 @ 17:11
Thanks Lam, I will make correction ASAP :). Please keep informing me interesting news.
Comment by Ngô Quốc Anh — July 17, 2016 @ 19:02
Another runner-up for Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincare (C) Non Linear Analysis
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0294144915000402
Comment by Duong Duc Lam — July 19, 2016 @ 18:48
Update for Nonlinear Analysis: This one might be the runner-up, Dr Ngo
(4 days by Brezis, Nguyen) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362546X16000407
Comment by Duong Duc Lam — September 5, 2016 @ 0:20